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**Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection** is a common bacterial infection that affects the lining of the stomach. It is estimated that nearly half of the world's population carries this bacterium, although many people never develop symptoms. H. pylori is usually acquired during childhood and can remain in the stomach for many years if left untreated. The bacteria survive in the stomach by producing substances that protect them from stomach acid, allowing them to damage the protective lining of the stomach and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Over time, this damage can lead to chronic inflammation (gastritis), stomach ulcers, and, in a small number of people, increase the risk of stomach cancer. Common symptoms include burning or aching pain in the upper abdomen, especially when the

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